A

• All Saints Bracebridge - 11.91.17
• Industrial

• In marked contrast to the urban churches, All Saints Church Bracebridge was a major village churc...

• All Saints Hungate - 9.60.43
• High Medieval

• Like, St Mary Crackpool, All Saint's Hungate also gave its name to a prebend at the new cathedral...

• All Saints Hungate - 10.60.43
• Early Modern

• The church of All Saints Hungate is clearly on the 'back-lands' behind the High Street and so we ...

• All Saints, Monks Road - 11.92.1
• Industrial

• The parish of All Saints Monks Road was cut out of St Swithin's parish in 1903 when a new church ...

• All Saints-in-the-Bail - 10.60.30
• Early Modern

• The parish was united with St Mary Magdalene as early as 1318 (RAZ 9.60.30) and the Dean and Chap...

• All-Saints-in-the-Bail - 9.60.30
• High Medieval

• Like St Paul's across the road, All-Saints-in-the-Bail has been regarded as one of the most impor...

• An early hilltop enclosure? - 6.8
• Roman Military

• In the same way that the proposed location of the original fortress downhill would have been inte...

• Animal processing industries - 11.37
• Industrial

• With its rural hinterland it is not surprising that, in the Industrial Era, Lincoln's animal proc...

• Anti-tank walls and perimeter defences 1939-45 - 11.87
• Industrial

• During 1939-40 Lincoln was equipped with an anti-tank perimeter defence, probably built by the Ho...

• Area of centuriation around the city - 7.14
• Roman Colonia

• Many studies have identified the likely presence of large areas of land surrounding Roman colonia...

• Artificial stone manufacturers - 11.41.6
• Industrial

• Joseph Fambrini was a plasterer in the 1850s, who became a manufacturer of artificial stone and c...

• Augustinian Friary - 10.53.1
• Early Modern

• The four friaries of the major orders (Augustinian, Carmelite, Dominican and Franciscan) in Linco...

• Augustinian Friary - 9.53.1
• High Medieval

• The four friaries of the major orders in Lincoln (Augustinian, Carmelite, Dominican and Francisca...

B

• Banking industry - 11.49
• Industrial

• It is no coincidence that Lincoln's first bank was founded by Richard Ellison, the less...

• Baptist Chapel at Brayford Head - 10.64
• Early Modern

• Although there is evidence that there was a Baptist or Anabaptist community in Lincoln from the s...

• Baptist Chapels at St Benedict's Square, Mint Street and Monks Road - 11.94
• Industrial

• The Baptist community off the west side of St Benedict's Square (RAZ 10.64) went through many vic...

• Bargate toll bar and cottage - 11.6.3
• Industrial

• The present bridge, which replaced the medieval bridge in this location (RAZ 9.51.5) is of unknow...

• Barracks - 6.9.3
• Roman Military

• The plan of the individual barracks blocks can be reconstructed from fragments already known, but...

• Barrow fields north of Canwick - 5.5
• Prehistoric

• In chapter 5a Jones and Stocker pointed out the importance of the single urn of early Bronze Age ...

• Battle Place - 9.46
• High Medieval

• Battle Place is an unusual monument which seems to have been a formalised arena dedicated to the ...

• Battle Place - 10.46.1
• Early Modern

• The Battle Place continued to be known as such into the 17th century, and presumably remained ass...

• Baxtergate, the bakers' street - 9.38
• High Medieval

• The street name Baxtergate is agreed to indicate the street of the bakers of bread (Hill 1948, 15...

• Beggarsholme market in Butwerk - 9.18
• High Medieval

• Dr Vince has explained that, before housing covered the area during the 11th and 12th centuries, ...

• Birchwood area and Boultham Moor - 6.23
• Roman Military

• Nothing is known about this area of higher ground in the Roman Military period. It would ha...

• Bishop's bridges - 9.13.2
• High Medieval

• It is not known whether the bridge thought to carry the road to Saxilby and Torksey across the Ca...

• Bishop's Bridges - 10.13.2
• Early Modern

• The enclosure map of 1803 shows the road to Saxilby and Torksey crossing the Catchwater Drain to ...

• Bishop's Palace - 11.33
• Industrial

• In the Industrial Era the Bishop's Palace began to play a more central role in the life of the ci...

• Boultham - 10.11
• Early Modern

• Boultham is almost unknown archaeologically, but because it has been preserved under Victorian pa...

• Boultham - 9.11
• High Medieval

• Boultham is almost unknown archaeologically. Yet, having been under Victorian parkland it is lik...

• Boultham and Boultham Hall - 11.20
• Industrial

• The settlement at Boultham was dramatically affected by the Industrial Era. The former settlement...

• Boundary crosses - 9.45
• High Medieval

• Several of the markers demarcating the city boundary are known, but although they are likely to h...

• Boundary of Lower Wigford (the Sincil Dyke) - 9.51.5
• High Medieval

• Our new understanding of the development of the suburb of Wigford (RAZ 9.20, 9.33, 9.34, 9.51.4) ...

• Boundary of Lower Wigford (The Sincil Dyke) - 10.51.5
• Early Modern

• As with Great Gowt, Sincil Dyke offers an important resource for paleo-environmental archaeology ...

• Boundary of Upper Wigford (Great and Little Gowts) - 9.51.4
• High Medieval

• One of the more important discoveries made by Dr Vince and his team in preparing the Lincoln UAD ...

• Boundary of Upper Wigford (Great and Little Gowts) - 10.51.4
• Early Modern

• It is possible that the Great Gowt was originally a natural feature, although it was clearly heav...

• Bracebridge - 10.10
• Early Modern

• As at earlier dates, Bracebridge is of interest both as a settlement in its own right, and ...

• Bracebridge - 9.10
• High Medieval

• Dr Vince has given a brief assessment of the village of Bracebridge, based on the few scant...

• Bracebridge bridge - 9.13.1
• High Medieval

• The medieval Newark Road crossed the Witham at the same point as its modern predecessor (RAZ 11.6...

• Bracebridge bridge - 10.13.1
• Early Modern

• The early modern Newark Road crossed the Witham at the same point as its modern successor. The mo...

• Bracebridge bridge - 11.6.2
• Industrial

• The Newark Road crossed the Witham at the same point as its modern successor. The modern bridge o...

• Bracebridge Hall - 11.19.2
• Industrial

• Most of the site of the medieval village of Bracebridge was occupied by the grand new Bracebridge...

• Bracebridge pasture - 10.8.3
• Early Modern

• As in the High Medieval Era, it is likely that the small area of riverside pasture to the south o...

• Bracebridge Pasture - 9.8.3
• High Medieval

• Although we have no definitive information, it is likely that the small area of river-side pastur...

• Bracebridge pastures - 11.15.2
• Industrial

• The village of Bracebridge was enclosed piecemeal - by private treaties, apparently before 1762 (...

• Bracebridge village - 11.19.1
• Industrial

• As at earlier dates, Bracebridge is of interest both as a settlement in its own right, and also a...

• Brayford Pool boat-building yard - 11.5.2
• Industrial

• To the south-east of the former Holmes Road drawbridge on the south side of Brayford Pool there w...

• Brayford's eastern waterside - 11.2.1
• Industrial

• Both waterfronts of Brayford were rapidly developed as busy quaysides with warehouses following t...

• Brayford's northern waterside - 11.2.2
• Industrial

• Both waterfronts of Brayford were rapidly developed as busy quaysides with warehouses following t...

• Brick and tile manufacture - 11.42
• Industrial

• The great building boom of the 19th century stimulated local brick works into an enormous increas...

• Bridges at Bishop's Bridge - 11.7.3
• Industrial

• Two bridges dating from the 1804-16 Lincoln West Drainage Scheme carried the Saxilby Road over th...

• Broken Cross at Westcastle - 10.45.2
• Early Modern

• The crucem fractam inter Clifgate and Bradegate, mentioned in 1324 (RAZ 9.45.2 - Cameron 1985, 17...

• Broken Cross at Westcastle - 9.45.2
• High Medieval

• Although not strictly a topographical boundary cross, the 'crucem fractam inter Cliffgate and Bra...

• Bromhead Nursing Home - 11.52.4
• Industrial

• Although it has served as a conventional nursing home for many years, this institution has its or...

• Buildings on the sand islands in the Brayford - 6.3
• Roman Military

• Mr Jones comments (chapter 6a) on the importance of the structures on the sand island in the midd...

• Burial Sites at St Paul's, the St Peters' and Greetwell villa - 8.1
• Early Medieval

• Efforts to understand pre-Viking Lincoln to date have been focused on the excavations at St...

• Bus garage, Burton Road - 11.10.2
• Industrial

• The first buses powered by the petrol internal combustion engine were bought by the City Council ...

• Butwerk boundaries - 10.51.2
• Early Modern

• Evidence for the Butwerk boundary is much less plentiful than for the boundary of Newport (RAZ 10...

• Butwerk boundaries - 9.51.2
• High Medieval

• There is less evidence for the existence of a formal boundary to Butwerk than for the boundary of...

C

• Canabae outside east, north and west gates - 6.16
• Roman Military

• It is likely that the lengths of road leading from the east, north and west gates of the fortress...

• Carmelite Friary - 9.53.3
• High Medieval

• The four friaries of the major orders (Augustinian, Carmelite, Dominican and Franciscan) in Linco...

• Carmelite Friary - 10.53.3
• Early Modern

• The four friaries of the major orders (Augustinian, Carmelite, Dominican and Franciscan) in Linco...

• Carr-lands and woodlands - 5.9.2
• Prehistoric

• The more difficult (and perhaps more marginal) land to the south-west in the Boultham and Birchwo...

• Cathedral graveyard south-east of Angel Choir - 9.62
• High Medieval

• In the second half of the 13th century the Dean and Chapter relocated their cemetery from the wes...

• Cathedral graveyard south-east of Angel Choir - 10.62
• Early Modern

• In the second half of the 13th century the Dean and Chapter relocated their cemetery from the wes...

• Causey Farm, Newland - 10.32
• Early Modern

• The Bishop's manor of Willingthorpe (RAZ 9.32.1) seems to have lost its distinct legal identity b...

• Cemeteries - 7.24
• Roman Colonia

• The Roman colonia was, typically, ringed with cemeteries. They appear to have been most extensiv...

• Cemetery east of fortress - 6.15
• Roman Military

• To the north and east of the hypothetical training and recreational area (RAZ 6.14) lies a cemete...

• Central elements of former Roman city and Roman network - 8.3.1
• Early Medieval

• Across the remainder of the area formerly occupied by the Roman city, research has not yet provid...

• Chartist Colony in Brant Road - 11.29.2
• Industrial

• Between 1845 and 1851 a small estate to the east of Brant Road, in Bracebridge parish was chosen ...

• Chemical industries - 11.43
• Industrial

• Lincoln's chemical industry was concentrated on a site between Carholme Road and the Fossdyke (He...

• Christ's Hospital (Blue Coats School), Christ's Hospital Terrace - 11.60
• Industrial

• The Bluecoats (RAZ 10.69) endowment continued to provide a school in Christ's Hospital Terrace fr...

• Christ's Hospital School (The Blue Coats School) 2 - Christ's Hospital Terrace - 10.69
• Early Modern

• In 1623 the Bluecoats School moved to the premises its successors still occupy in Christ's Hospit...

• Christ's Hospital School (The Bluecoats School) 1 - St Mary's Guildhall - 10.68
• Early Modern

• The Bluecoats school was founded under the terms of the will of Dr Richard Smith in 1611. Its fir...

• City Bus Garage, St Mark's Street - 11.10.1
• Industrial

• The first buses powered by the petrol internal combustion engine were bought by the City Council ...

• City docks 1) wharves along Waterside North east of the wall and the Blackdyke - 10.2
• Early Modern

• Although boats could probably pass through the barrier presented by the putative Stamp End ...

• City docks 1) wharves along Waterside North east of the wall and the Blackdyke - 9.2
• High Medieval

• Although boats could pass the barrier presented by the putative Stamp End lock, it is clear...

• City docks 2) northern waterside between the walls - 9.3
• High Medieval

• Archaeology has already recovered important information about this part of the waterfront e...

• City docks 2) Waterside North between the walls - 10.3
• Early Modern

• Although we have a relatively clear picture of the development of this part of the waterfro...

• City Library, Free School Lane - 11.72
• Industrial

• This fine building, designed by the important architect Sir Reginald Blomfield, was provided by t...

• City's arable fields - 11.17
• Industrial

• The city's arable fields were enclosed by Act of Parliament in 1803 and lay exclusively to the no...

• Civic Cemeteries - 11.99
• Industrial

• Like most industrial towns which saw a great rise in their population in 19th century, Lincoln be...

• Clay quarries in the cliff face north-west and south of the city - 11.41.1
• Industrial

• Although the cliff edge north-west of the city had been exploited for both clay and stone since t...

• Close Wall - 9.50.2
• High Medieval

• The security of clergy moving from their homes within the Close to the Cathedral at night had bec...

• Common "diggings" in the cliff faces north-west and south of the city - 9.41.1
• High Medieval

• The limestone, ironstone, gravel and clay which outcrops along the cliff edge north-west of the o...

• Common pasture east of Butwerk - 9.8.5
• High Medieval

• To the north of the Witham and east of Butwerk, the situation was similar to that at West Common....

• Common pasture east of Butwerk - 10.8.5
• Early Modern

• To the north of the Witham and east of Butwerk, the situation in the Early Modern Era was s...

• Common quarries in the cliff faces north-west and south of the city - 10.41.1
• Early Modern

• The limestone, ironstone, gravel and clay which outcrops along the cliff edge north-west of the o...

• County Hospital, Drury Lane - 11.52.1
• Industrial

• The first modern hospital seems to have been established in 1769 in a building on Waterside South...

• County Hospital, Sewell Road - 11.52.2
• Industrial

• When the County Hospital moved from its confined site (RAZ 11.52.1) in the centre of the town to ...

• Cross on Cross O'Cliff Hill - 10.45.1
• Early Modern

• The cross at the top of Cross O'Cliff Hill occupies a numinous site, overlooking both the river g...

• Cross on Cross O'Cliff Hill - 9.45.1
• High Medieval

• The cross at the top of Cross O'Cliff Hill occupies a numinous site, overlooking both the river g...

D

• Diocesan Training College (Bishop Grosseteste College) - 11.62
• Industrial

• Following the re-direction of funds by national government, a Lincoln Diocesan Board for Educatio...

• Dispensaries - 11.54
• Industrial

• A Dispensary for providing free medication to the poor and needy was established on the south sid...

• Ditched boundaries to west (and north?) of the city - 5.6
• Prehistoric

• The complex ditched boundary to the east and north-east of the city, known from aerial survey and...

• Dominican Friary - 9.53.2
• High Medieval

• The four friaries of the major orders in Lincoln (Augustinian, Carmelite, Dominican and Francisca...

• Dominican Friary - 10.53.2
• Early Modern

• The four friaries of the major orders (Augustinian, Carmelite, Dominican and Franciscan) in Linco...

• Drill Hall Broadgate - 11.84.1
• Industrial

• The great increase in volunteer military service in the second half of the 19th century, represen...

E

• Early cemetery in the Wigford area - 6.6
• Roman Military

• Finds of cemetery material have been confined to the area around Monson Street and St Mary's Guil...

• Early crossing points and the Stamp End Causeway - 5.2
• Prehistoric

• It is likely that the 'Jurassic Way' crossed the developing wetlands and river channels in the va...

• Early graveyard around St Mary of Lincoln - 9.63
• High Medieval

• In 1264 the Dean and Chapter acquired land in the newly-enclosed area south-east of the Angel Cho...

• Eastgate market - 9.17
• High Medieval

• The distinctive shape of the large open triangular space between Greetwell Road and Langworthgate...

• Eastgate market - 10.17
• Early Modern

• It has been proposed that the distinctive shape of the large open triangular space between Greetw...

• Electricity production industry - 11.45
• Industrial

• Lincoln's first power station was built on Brayford Wharf North by Lincoln Corporation in 1898, w...

• Elementary Schools - 11.61
• Industrial

• Prior to the 1870 Education Act there had been a plethora of small schools teaching all ages of c...

• Enclosed pasture and meadow east and west of the city - 11.14
• Industrial

• The extensive common pastures of the Early Modern Era (RAZs 10.8.1, 10.8.2, 10.8.5) had been unde...

• Enclosures west of Newland - 10.8.1
• Early Modern

• We have already suggested that the small enclosures west of the western ditched boundary of the N...

• Enclosures west of Newland - 9.8.1
• High Medieval

• Dr Vince has identified a zone of small enclosures west of the western ditched boundary of the Ne...

F

• Farm at Bishop Grosseteste College - 6.17
• Roman Military

• This RAZ reflects the one piece of reliable information we have about extramural settlement in th...

• Fields of the parishes of Nettleham and Greetwell - 9.9.2
• High Medieval

• The Lincoln open field layout cannot be seen in isolation, as it shared boundaries with the adjoi...

• Fire stations - 11.50
• Industrial

• The original Fire Station was located at the south-west corner of the property which eventually b...

• Firth Road bridge - 11.8.3
• Industrial

• The single-carriageway bridge over the Upper Witham at Firth Road dates from c1850 (Herridge 1999...

• Food processing industries and brewing industry - 11.38
• Industrial

• The processing of grain and other arable products was important to Lincoln well before the ...

• Footbridge at East Holmes Upper Witham - 11.3.3
• Industrial

• The bridge crossing the upper Witham from Brayford Wharf East to The Holmes dates from 1907, when...

• Footbridge on Fossdyke over Main Drain - 11.4.5
• Industrial

• A 19th-century footbridge still stands carrying the towpath on the north side of the Fossdyke acr...

• Former High Market of the lower city - The corn market - 10.22.2
• Early Modern

• The high medieval corn market was immediately at the foot of Steep Hill, where it is joined by th...

• Former High Market of the lower city - The drapery - 10.22.1
• Early Modern

• The drapery market (for retail sale of cloth to the local area) was in the road now known as St M...

• Former High Market of the lower city - The fish market - 10.22.3
• Early Modern

• The Fishmarket occupied the site at the top of the hill on the terrace just to the west of Steep ...

• Former High Market of the lower city - The hay market - 10.22.6
• Early Modern

• The medieval hay market was held around the church of St Martin (Cameron 1985, 127). Although ref...

• Former High Market of the lower city - The new butter market - 10.22.8
• Early Modern

• The butter market was located in Newland market until 1572 (RAZ 10.19), when it was moved by the ...

• Former High Market of the lower city - The poultry market - 10.22.4
• Early Modern

• The poultry market was apparently moved to the upper part of Steep Hill at some date between the ...

• Former High Market of the lower city - The shambles - 10.22.7
• Early Modern

• The medieval butchery seems to have to been located between the hay market and the corn market at...

• Former High Market of the lower city - The skin market - 10.22.5
• Early Modern

• The medieval skin market was situated at the foot of Michaelgate where it is now joined by Spring...

• Fortifications - 6.9.1
• Roman Military

• The outline of the sequence of construction of the fortress defences has been pieced together (Jo...

• Fossdyke, Brayford and Witham navigations - 11.3.1
• Industrial

• The Fossdyke Navigation (Herridge 1999, 25, No.5338) had been presented to the city of Lincoln by...

• Fosse Way crossing of Witham - 6.20
• Roman Military

• The Fosse Way crosses the Witham at a point not far from the present road bridge on the A1434. Th...

• Franciscan Friary - 9.53.4
• High Medieval

• The four friaries of the major orders in Lincoln (Augustinian, Carmelite, Dominican and Francisca...

• Franciscan Friary - 10.53.4
• Early Modern

• The four friaries of the major orders (Augustinian, Carmelite, Dominican and Franciscan) in Linco...

• Free or Grammar School next to St Rumbold's churchyard - 10.66
• Early Modern

• The free or Grammar School of the city, as distinct from the Close School (Dean and Chapter Gramm...

• Friary of the Sack and the Kyme Chantry - 10.53.5
• Early Modern

• The four friaries of the major orders (Augustinian, Carmelite, Dominican and Franciscan) in Linco...

• Friary of the Sack and the Kyme Chantry - 9.53.5
• High Medieval

• The four friaries of the major orders in Lincoln (Augustinian, Carmelite, Dominican and Francisca...

G

• Gallows - 11.69
• Industrial

• Although the Battle Place (RAZ 10.46.1) continued to be known as such into the 17th century, and ...

• Gas production industry - 11.44
• Industrial

• The first gas works in the city was built at the junction of Carholme Road and Brayford Wharf Nor...

• Girls' High School - 11.58
• Industrial

• The Lincoln Girls' High School was founded in 1893 and new buildings were provided on a new site ...

• Gowts Bridge - 11.6.4
• Industrial

• The pair of bridges crossing the more northerly Dyke (RAZ 10.14; 9.14) was replaced by the modern...

• Gowts Bridges - 10.14
• Early Modern

• The two important drainage dykes, Great and Little Gowt, have been identified during the course o...

• Gowts bridges - 9.14
• High Medieval

• The two important drainage dykes, Great and Little Gowt have been identified during the course of...

• Gravel quarries - 11.41.7
• Industrial

• We know very little about gravel quarrying in Lincoln, although it is presumed that it has been u...

• Greetwell villa estate and potential wic - 8.1.3
• Early Medieval

• The third burial ground known from early medieval Lincoln is at the so-called Greetwell Villa to ...

H

• Hartsholme Hall Estate - 11.34
• Industrial

• The magnificent estate at Hartsholme Hall owes its origins to an unusual combination of civic eng...

• Heavy engineering works - 11.36
• Industrial

• Between the 1840s and the 1940s Lincoln's major industry was heavy engineering. Plants of great ...

• High Bridge and ford - 11.6.5
• Industrial

• The High Bridge at Lincoln is a structure of the greatest interest and importance in its own righ...

• High Bridge and ford - 10.15
• Early Modern

• The High Bridge at Lincoln is a structure of great interest and importance in its own right. A r...

• High Bridge and ford market - 9.15
• High Medieval

• The High Bridge at Lincoln is a structure of great interest and importance in its own right. A r...

• Hill side springs, streams and pools - 5.4
• Prehistoric

• No evidence has come to light for any Prehistoric activity on the hill sides north and south of t...

• Hill top activity - 5.3
• Prehistoric

• Having left the causeway, on the northern side of the gap, the 'Jurassic Way' will have climbed d...

• Holmes Bridge - 11.8.2
• Industrial

• There was a narrow bridge carrying St Mark's Street over the Upper Witham to Ropewalk by c1817 (M...

• Holy Cross Wigford - 10.60.16
• Early Modern

• We have seen that the foundation of this church is a matter of interest (RAZ 9.60.16), but we kno...

• Holy Cross Wigford - 9.60.16
• High Medieval

• Some aspects of this church might point to an early date amongst the Wigford churches, whilst oth...

• Holy Cross, Skellingthorpe Road - 11.92.9
• Industrial

• This church was built to the designs of H.T. Rushton of Birmingham in 1939-40 to serve the new es...

• Holy Innocents - 9.60.17
• High Medieval

• This church has a character which is both complex and little understood. It clearly was a parish...

• Holy Innocents - 10.60.17
• Early Modern

• This church became part of the Malandry Leper Hospital (RAZ 9.56) during the early 12th century a...

• Holy Trinity Clasketgate - 10.60.41
• Early Modern

• Located at its western end, Holy Trinity has an important relationship with the Clewmarket ...

• Holy Trinity Clasketgate - 9.60.41
• High Medieval

• Holy Trinity has an important relationship with the Clewmarket (RAZ 9.23.1), as it is located at ...

• Holy Trinity Greestone Stairs - 9.60.8
• High Medieval

• This church, the most northerly in the suburb of Butwerk, was sited on a terrace cut into the foo...

• Holy Trinity Greestone Stairs - 10.60.8
• Early Modern

• As mentioned in RAZ 9.60.8, Holy Trinity housed an anchorite from the late 14th century (ed. Fost...

• Holy Trinity Wigford - 10.60.18
• Early Modern

• In the Late Medieval period Holy Trinity was one of two (along with St Andrew Wigford) which were...

• Holy Trinity Wigford - 9.60.18
• High Medieval

• The church of Holy Trinity does not stand out amongst the churches of Upper Wigford as being part...

• House of Industry, the Workhouse and House of the Girls' Friendly Society - 11.68
• Industrial

• Lincoln had been quite early into the field by forming a parish union c.1782 which, over a period...

• Houses in Newport - 9.26
• High Medieval

• In the consideration of the open fields (RAZ 9.9.1) it was suggested that the suburb might have b...

• Houses in the Bail (and the Close within St Mary Magdalene's parish) - 9.24
• High Medieval

• The character of occupation housing within the Bail in the Anglo-Scandinavian period is a point u...

• Houses in the Bail (and the Close within St Mary Magdalene's parish) - 10.24
• Early Modern

• We are very fortunate in Lincoln to have such relatively complete survival of early domesti...

• Houses in the lower city - 9.25
• High Medieval

• The street pattern of the lower city of Lincoln is readily susceptible to a plan form analysis, a...

• Houses within the southern suburb - 7.11.5
• Roman Colonia

• It seems clear from discoveries at BWE82 and SB85 that the south bank of the river was not used a...

• Houses within the upper city - 7.11.1
• Roman Colonia

• Any evidence for a transition from 'public' to 'private' use of the domestic buildings may be par...

• Houses within the walled lower city - 7.11.4
• Roman Colonia

• We do have some slight evidence for the transition from 'public' uses to 'private' uses of sites ...

• Housing in Lower Wigford (south of Great Gowt) - 10.34
• Early Modern

• As in the High Medieval Era, Wigford south of Great Gowt had a quite different character from Upp...

• Housing areas - 7.11
• Roman Colonia

• Mr Jones has outlined the evidence for domestic structures in Lindum (chapter 7a), and has shown ...

• Housing in Butwerk suburb - 9.29
• High Medieval

• A single excavation in Butwerk (BE73), right on the western boundary of the suburb, investigated ...

• Housing in Butwerk suburb - 10.29
• Early Modern

• Compared with most of the city's suburbs north of the river, Butwerk seems to have had a more fav...

• Housing in Eastgate Suburb (and the Close within St Margaret Pottergate parish) - 10.28
• Early Modern

• In the Early Modern Era the Eastgate suburb appears to be a genteel area forming, almost, an exte...

• Housing in Eastgate suburb (and the Close within St Margaret Pottergate Parish) - 9.28
• High Medieval

• In the consideration of the open fields (RAZ 9.9.1) it is suggested that the suburb might have be...

• Housing in Lower Wigford (south of Great Gowt) - 9.34
• High Medieval

• South of Great Gowt, Dr Vince has shown that the suburb had a quite different character - being l...

• Housing in Newland suburb - 9.31
• High Medieval

• Study of the housing in Lincoln's western suburb offers important contrasts with housing in Butwe...

• Housing in Newland suburb - 10.31
• Early Modern

• An early casualty of changing economic relationships within the city and between the city and its...

• Housing in Newport - 10.26
• Early Modern

• What evidence we have for the Newport suburb suggests that from the 14th to the 18th century it s...

• Housing in the Close and Eastgate - 11.27
• Industrial

• The fate of the ancient Clergy houses within the Close, east of Bailgate, is recorded in great de...

• Housing in the lower city - 10.25
• Early Modern

• The street pattern of the lower city of Lincoln is readily susceptible to a plan-form analysis, a...

• Housing in Thorngate suburb - 10.30
• Early Modern

• In the High Medieval Era we have seen that the small natural eyot of Thorngate developed ra...

• Housing in Thorngate suburb - 9.30
• High Medieval

• Dr Vince has emphasised, through the few documentary sources available, that the small natu...

• Housing in Upper Wigford (north of Great Gowt) - 9.33
• High Medieval

• Surprisingly little is known from excavation of the character of housing in the suburb betw...

• Housing in Upper Wigford (north of Great Gowt) - 10.33
• Early Modern

• When considering the character of housing in Upper Wigford (RAZ 9.33) in the High Medieval period...

• Housing in Westcastle - 10.27
• Early Modern

• We have very little information at all about dwellings in this suburb in the early modern period...

• Housing in Westcastle - 9.27
• High Medieval

• We have very little information on the date and character of dwellings in this suburb. The potter...

• Humber Cross on Ermine Street - 9.45.4
• High Medieval

• By the 15th century, a cross known as Humber Cross marked the boundary with Riseholme parish on E...

• Humber Cross on Ermine Street - 10.45.4
• Early Modern

• By the 15th century a cross, known as Humber Cross, marked the boundary with Riseholme parish on ...

I

• Industrial belt south west of the city - 7.3
• Roman Colonia

• The area of what was probably scrubby woodland on the poor soils above the waterlogged basin may ...

• Intermediate distance roads - 9.12.2
• High Medieval

• These roads connected Lincoln with smaller towns and villages in the county and probably played a...

• Intermediate distance roads - 10.12.2
• Early Modern

• These roads connected Lincoln with smaller towns and villages in the county and probably played a...

• Intermediate road routes - 11.7.1
• Industrial

• These roads connected Lincoln with smaller towns and villages in the county and played an importa...

• Iron Age ditch system - 6.19
• Roman Military

• This RAZ, which includes the Iron Age triple ditch system known from aerial photography and excav...

• Isolation Hospitals around West Common - 11.52.3
• Industrial

• The 1st edition O.S. shows that by the 1880s there was an isolation hospital on West Common, west...

J

K

L

• Land around city potentially usable for settlement and agriculture - 8.4
• Early Medieval

• We have no information at all about the use to which the land surrounding the city was put in the...

• Laundry industry - 11.48
• Industrial

• The only purpose-built laundry of which much seems to be known is Jackson's Lincoln Laundry in We...

• Legionary 'prata' and 'territorium' - 6.18
• Roman Military

• Many studies have identified the likely presence of large areas of land surrounding major Roman f...

• Limestone uplands - 5.9.1
• Prehistoric

• Areas of limestone heath north of the crossing will have presented dry land and relatively easily...

• Lincoln Castle from c.1350-c.1750 - 10.48
• Early Modern

• As well as the forthcoming volume dedicated to the site (ed. Lindley forthcoming), a Conservation...

• Lincoln Castle from the mid-12th century - 9.48
• High Medieval

• As well as the forthcoming volume dedicated to the site (ed. Lindley forthcoming), a Conservation...

• Lincoln common fields - 9.9.1
• High Medieval

• As Dr Vince shows (chapter 9a) the city fields lay exclusively to the north and east of the walle...

• Lincoln School, Wragby Road site - 11.59
• Industrial

• Once the two schools had been reunited at the Upper Lindum Street site in 1900 (RAZ 11.57) it imm...

• Lincoln Upper Grammar School (Upper Lindum Street site) - 11.57
• Industrial

• After the Education Act of 1870 the Grammar School foundation was split between Dean and Chapter ...

• Lincoln West drainage scheme and Gowts Drain - 11.4.2
• Industrial

• This major scheme, undertaken primarily to drain land for cultivation, was carried out in 1804-16...

• Little Bargate Bridge - 11.4.6
• Industrial

• This small footbridge crossing Sincil Dyke conveyed pedestrians from the site of Little Bargate (...

• Local road routes - 11.8.1
• Industrial

• The city's local routes during the Industrial Era were modifications of those which had become es...

• Local roads - 10.12.3
• Early Modern

• It is thought unlikely that the roads east and west of the lower city (the roads leading into Cla...

• Local roads - 9.12.3
• High Medieval

• East and west of the lower city, the roads leading into Clasketgate gate and Newland Street West ...

• Long distance road routes - 11.6.1
• Industrial

• The same three roads which had linked Lincoln to other cities and regions in the previous Era con...

• Long distance roads - 10.12.1
• Early Modern

• The same three roads which had linked Lincoln to other cities and regions in the previous Era con...

• Long distance roads - 9.12.1
• High Medieval

• These roads, which linked Lincoln to other cities and regions, were less frequently met with in t...

• Lower City (City) Assembly Rooms - 11.71
• Industrial

• Partly in imitation of the County Assembly Rooms of 1744 (RAZ 10.46.3, RAZ 11.70), city society b...

• Lower City Assembly Rooms - 10.46.4
• Early Modern

• City society was apparently distinct from County Society when it came to balls and other social e...

• Lower City defences - 10.50.1
• Early Modern

• As with the upper city enclosure, we have no reason to doubt that the walls of the lower city wer...

• Lower city defences - 9.50.1
• High Medieval

• We have no reason to doubt that the walls of the lower city were also substantially those of the ...

• Lower Wigford market - 9.20
• High Medieval

• Dr Vince has made a strong case, on plan-morphology grounds, that the whole of the lower pa...

• Lower Wigford market - 10.20
• Early Modern

• Dr Vince has made a strong case, on plan-morphology grounds, that the whole of the lower pa...

• Lunatic Asylum (The Lawn Hospital) - 11.53
• Industrial

• Following the opening of the County Hospital (RAZ 11.52.1), discussions had been held about the n...

M

• Market Hill, the High Street from St Mary-le-Wigford to St Martin's parish - 11.21
• Industrial

• The long market street (with its demarcated trading areas) which had been established by the earl...

• Market place at Castle Hill - 11.22
• Industrial

• The market at Castle Hill was held on Saturday evenings under the auspices of the Duchy of Lancas...

• Market place on Castle Hill - 10.21
• Early Modern

• A market was held on Saturday evenings under the auspices of the Duchy of Lancaster in the rectan...

• Market place on Castle Hill - 9.21
• High Medieval

• A market was held on Saturday evenings under the auspices of the Duchy of Lancaster in the rectan...

• Middle Class house building between the Wars - 11.31
• Industrial

• Lincoln, like almost all other towns in the country, benefited from ribbon development along the ...

• Mile Cross on Nettleham Road - 10.45.3
• Early Modern

• By the 16th century, there was a cross along the road to Nettleham called the Mile Cross, which m...

• Mile Cross on Nettleham Road - 9.45.3
• High Medieval

• There was also a cross along the road to Nettleham called the Mile Cross, which must have been on...

• Monks' Abbey (The Benedictine Priory of St Mary Magdalene) - 10.55
• Early Modern

• The Priory of St Mary Magdalene, usually known as Monks' Abbey, is a site with great archaeologic...

• Monks' Abbey (Benedictine Priory of St Mary Magdalene); the monastic precinct - 9.55.1
• High Medieval

• Viewed simply as a small monastic cell of the great Benedictine Abbey of St Mary at York, Monks' ...

• Montague Street Bridge - 11.3.2
• Industrial

• This bridge, also known as Cottingham's Bridge, was manufactured in 1878 by J T B Porter at Gowts...

• Motor engineers workshop, Scorer Street - 11.10.3
• Industrial

• The first buses powered by the petrol internal combustion engine were bought by the City Council ...

• Motor garage and workshop, Rudgard Lane, West Parade - 11.10.4
• Industrial

• The first buses powered by the petrol internal combustion engine were bought by the City Council ...

N

• Neronian Fortress - 6.9
• Roman Military

• There remains much to be learned from a study of the layout and structural details of the fortres...

• Nettleham Mere and contiguous features - 9.45.6
• High Medieval

• The modern city boundary on the north-east side lies beyond the line of the medieval city boundar...

• Nettleham Mere and contiguous features - 10.45.6
• Early Modern

• The modern city boundary on the north-east side lies beyond the line of the medieval city boundar...

• New County Hall (assize court in castle) - 11.66.1
• Industrial

• As with the Sessions House (RAZ 11.65), the new County Court (built in 1822-6, architect Robert S...

• Newark Road bridgehead - 7.2
• Roman Colonia

• As in the Military Era, we have no information about the type or location of the Witham cro...

• Newland boundaries - 9.51.3
• High Medieval

• Dr Vince has shown us that, as in Butwerk, Newland suburb had a similar boundary ditch, perhaps a...

• Newland boundaries - 10.51.3
• Early Modern

• Dr Vince has shown us that, as in Butwerk, Newland suburb had a similar boundary ditch, perhaps a...

• Newland market - 10.19
• Early Modern

• Dr Vince's study of the layout of the streets to the west of the Newland gate shows that, at a re...

• Newland market - 9.19
• High Medieval

• Dr Vince's study of the layout of the streets to the west of the Newland gate shows that, at a re...

• Newly-built Victorian housing for the middle and upper classes c. 1850-1918 - 11.28
• Industrial

• It was no doubt because of the existing concentration of the educated elite in the Close, a...

• Newport boundaries - 10.51.1
• Early Modern

• The Newport boundary ditch was still visible in the 19th century and was planned by Stukeley in 1...

• Newport boundaries - 9.51.1
• High Medieval

• Because it was planned by Stukeley in 1722 (and indeed by other antiquarians - including both Mar...

• Newport 'farm' - 7.7
• Roman Colonia

• The Newport 'farm' is probably a representative of a common site type, but it is a particularly i...

• Newport market - 9.16
• High Medieval

• Newport was a major market laid out on either side of Ermine street north of the walled city (cha...

• Newport market - 10.16
• Early Modern

• Newport was a major market laid out on either side of Ermine Street north of the walled city (cha...

• Northern and southern hill slopes - 6.22
• Roman Military

• Although the discussion of the legionary territorium (RAZ 6.18) includes a mention of the natural...

• Northern hill slope area with springs and possible secular occupation - 6.13
• Roman Military

• The hill slope has always contained areas of active springs and, as in the Iron Age, it is reason...

O

• Open Fields of Nettleham and Greetwell parishes - 10.9.2
• Early Modern

• The Lincoln open field layout cannot be seen in isolation, as it shared boundaries with the adjoi...

• Open fields of the parishes of Nettleham and Greetwell - 11.18
• Industrial

• The modern Lincoln boundary also contains fragments of the former open field systems of Nettleham...

P

• Police stations - 11.51
• Industrial

• Lincoln's first police station was established next to the Sessions House, in part of the City Ga...

• Possible occupation site near castle west gate - 8.2
• Early Medieval

• Although we have seen some evidence that the area of the modern Lincoln city was used for burials...

• Potential industrial area around South Common - 7.5
• Roman Colonia

• The surface geology and topography of the modern South Common are very similar to West Common (RA...

• Potential religious site on Hartsholme - 7.21.2
• Roman Colonia

• The boundaries of RAZ 7.9 probably include a number of islands. Of these the island known in the ...

• Potential western quaysides - 6.11
• Roman Military

• Although we have some slight evidence for the provision of Roman military wharves to the east of ...

• Pottery production area north of Monks Road - 9.40.1
• High Medieval

• In chapter 9a Dr Vince discusses the evidence for 10th- and 11th-century pottery manufacture alon...

• Pottery production sites in the lower walled city - 9.39
• High Medieval

• The south-eastern part of the lower city was a pottery production area of considerable importance...

• Pottery production sites in Upper Wigford - 10.39
• Early Modern

• In the High Medieval period, pottery is known to have been manufactured along the eastern side of...

• Prefabs at Grainsby Close - 11.32
• Industrial

• Lincoln has one small estate of buildings using the 'pre-fab' technology...

• Presbyterian or Independent Chapel in Upper Wigford - 10.65
• Early Modern

• There were several conventicles of Presbyterians and Independents in the city by the late 1...

• Presbyterian, Independent and Congregational Chapels - 11.95
• Industrial

• There were several conventicles of Presbyterians and Independents in the city by the late 18th ce...

• Principia - 6.9.2
• Roman Military

• Although the outline of the building complex is known, all evidence from its interior will be of ...

• Prisons - 11.67
• Industrial

• Until 1809 the City Gaol was located in the stone-built building (of uncertain date) adjacent to ...

• Private clubs - 11.75
• Industrial

• Lincoln had three main private club buildings (in addition to the Masonic Hall which was converte...

• Public Parks and Gardens - 11.76
• Industrial

• The earliest area set aside for common recreation seems to have been Besom Park (now The Park) - ...

• Pumping engine Pyewipe Junction - 11.4.4
• Industrial

• The engine house and compound here dates from 1936 (Herridge 1999, 5073). It houses three importa...

• Pumping house Boultham Junction - 11.4.3
• Industrial

• The new drainage schemes to the south-west of the city were eventually provided with powered pump...

Q

• Quaker Meeting House - 10.63
• Early Modern

• In 1669 Lincoln's small Quaker community purchased a plot of land for a burial ground south of th...

• Quaker Meeting House - 11.93
• Industrial

• South of the St Martin's 'overspill' cemetery, the small Quaker meeting house of about 1689 (RAZ ...

• Quarries - 9.41
• High Medieval

• Lincoln stone had always been an important raw material in the city. This was as true in the Angl...

• Quarries in the cliff face east of the city - 9.41.2
• High Medieval

• As with the likely quarries to the south and north-west of city, there is also very little docume...

• Quarries in the cliff face east of the city - 10.41.2
• Early Modern

• As with the likely quarries to the south and north-west of the city, there is very little d...

• Quarries in the cliff face south of the city - 11.41.3
• Industrial

• It is presumed that any common diggings for clay or for stone on the South Common, as defined at ...

• Quayside east of High Bridge - 7.8
• Roman Colonia

• The water-logged deposits along the river frontages are amongst the most valuable components of L...

R

• Racecourse Kiln and associated industrial zone - 7.4.1
• Roman Colonia

• On the north side of the river Till the (short-lived?) 'Racecourse kiln' may have been founded to...

• Railway transport network - 11.11
• Industrial

• The coming of the railways in the 1840s was the single most important development in the Industri...

• Reception aerodrome on West Common 1915-1918 - 11.85.1
• Industrial

• During the First World War many of the city's industrial plants were turned over to the productio...

• Reserved enclosure(s) defined by the Roman city walls - 8.3.4
• Early Medieval

• At present the small scatter of Middle Saxon pottery from within the walls is hard to inter...

• Rifle butts on South Common - 11.84.2
• Industrial

• The 1st edition O.S. map shows three rifle ranges laid out towards the south-western end of South...

• Riparian deposits - 8.5
• Early Medieval

• Samples taken from the river in the centre of the Roman and medieval city indicate that nat...

• Riparian deposits - 7.9
• Roman Colonia

• As in previous (and subsequent) periods, a large area of the valley floor contains waterlogged de...

• Road up the northern hillside - 6.12
• Roman Military

• Slight traces have been found of timber structures adjacent to the road, which led up the hill fr...

• Roads - 9.12
• High Medieval

• The network of road leading into the city today was established in this Era. Dr Vince shows in ch...

• Roads beyond the Canabae - 6.21
• Roman Military

• Newport, Wragby Road and Newark Road all lie on the lines of known Roman roads, most of which wer...

• Roads entering the city - 7.1
• Roman Colonia

• All of the major roads entering Lindum colonia are thought to have been established in the Milita...

• Roman Catholic churches - 11.98
• Industrial

• At the start of the Industrial Era there was no purpose-built church for Roman Catholics - servic...

• Route way to the Stamp End causeway - 6.5
• Roman Military

• Depending on activity at the Stamp End causeway, the Iron Age and earlier track which lead to its...

S

• Salvation Army Citadel - 11.97
• Industrial

• The Salvation Army have had a presence in the city since 1881 and in the 1903 census of attendanc...

• School of Science and The Arts (the City School) - 11.56
• Industrial

• This school, which was intended to focus on practical training, was founded on a site next to the...

• Settlement site on Brayford island - 5.7.2
• Prehistoric

• Two areas within the city have produced material suggesting pre-Roman settlement activity. The se...

• Settlement site on Burton Road - 5.7.1
• Prehistoric

• Two areas within the city have produced material suggesting pre-Roman settlement activity. The fi...

• Sewage industry - 11.47
• Industrial

• Although there had been spasmodic efforts made towards installing an underground sewerage system ...

• Sincil Dyke - 11.4.1
• Industrial

• The Sincil Dyke watercourse (RAZ 10.51.5) functioned as a defensive barrier and was a natur...

• Skellingthorpe airfield - 11.86
• Industrial

• During World War Two Lincolnshire became the home for many RAF aerodromes (Otter 1996) of which o...

• Smithies - 11.35
• Industrial

• Lincoln must have always been supplied with ironwork by many smithies and, at earlier periods som...

• South Common - 11.16
• Industrial

• Following enclosure in Canwick parish in 1787 (Mills 2001b, 138) South Common was used primarily ...

• South Common - 10.8.4
• Early Modern

• South Common was largely common grazing in the early modern period, but the earthwork evidence sh...

• South Common - 9.8.4
• High Medieval

• South Common was also largely common grazing in the medieval period, but the earthwork evidence s...

• Sports Grounds - 11.78
• Industrial

• Lincoln City FC was formed in 1884 through the union of three older clubs and they played on the ...

• Springs and pools on the hillside - 7.19
• Roman Colonia

• In the pre-Roman period, natural springs emerged at several points along the cliff-face at ...

• St Andrew Wigford - 9.60.19
• High Medieval

• Compared with other churches which did not outlive the 16th century, St Andrew's is a relatively ...

• St Andrew Wigford - 10.60.19
• Early Modern

• Compared with other churches which did not outlive the 16th century, St Andrew's is a relatively ...

• St Andrew, Canwick Road - 11.92.2
• Industrial

• St Andrew's parish was cut out of St Peter-at-Gowts in 1883 to cater for the new housing developm...

• St Andrew-under-Palace - 9.60.35
• High Medieval

• Like St Clement-in-the-Bail, the church of St Andrew 'under the Hill' or 'under the Palace' is a ...

• St Andrew-under-Palace - 10.60.35
• Early Modern

• Like St Clement-in-the-Bail (RAZ 10.60.31), the church of St Andrew 'under the Hill' or 'under th...

• St Anne's Bedehouses - 11.90
• Industrial

• St Anne's was founded in 1847 as an almshouse complex by Richard Waldo Sibthorpe and is...

• St Augustine - 10.60.11
• Early Modern

• As the majority of the wharves along Waterside North were evidently within the parish, we might a...

• St Augustine - 9.60.11
• High Medieval

• Mr Johnson (1992) has explained that this church is represented by the known graveyard at the cor...

• St Bartholomew Westcastle - 9.60.3
• High Medieval

• The parish church on the site of St Bartholomew seems to have only survived from its foundation u...

• St Bartholomew Westcastle - 10.60.3
• Early Modern

• For the church on the site of St Bartholomew Westcastle in the Early Modern Era see RAZ 10.57.

• St Bartholomew's and St Leonard's Hospital - 9.57
• High Medieval

• The complicated story of the religious institution outside the west gate of the castle has been s...

• St Bartholomew's and St Leonard's Hospitals - 10.57
• Early Modern

• The complicated story of the religious institution outside the west gate of the castle has been s...

• St Bavon - 10.60.10
• Early Modern

• St Bavon's apparent lesser status (RAZ 9.60.10) may mean that it was even more vulnerable to the ...

• St Bavon - 9.60.10
• High Medieval

• Like St Rumbold, this is another odd dedication in the Butwerk suburb, and in this case the dedic...

• St Benedict - 9.60.20
• High Medieval

• As a church with surviving medieval fabric, St Benedict's offers the rare opportunity for integra...

• St Benedict - 11.91.3
• Industrial

• St Benedict's is one of only three Lincoln churches where a substantial proportion of the medieva...

• St Benedict - 10.60.20
• Early Modern

• As a church with surviving medieval fabric St Benedict's offers the rare opportunity for integrat...

• St Botolph - 10.60.21
• Early Modern

• As in the High Medieval Era (RAZ 9.60.21), St Botolph's is also one of the most important and int...

• St Botolph - 11.91.4
• Industrial

• St Botolph's was rebuilt somewhat more promptly after the Civil War than many in Lincoln (in 1721...

• St Botolph - 9.60.21
• High Medieval

• In our current state of knowledge, St Botolph's is one of the most important and interesting of t...

• St Clement-in-Butwerk - 9.60.13
• High Medieval

• Churches dedicated to St Clement have been the subject of recent studies by Barbara Crawford (per...

• St Clement-in-Butwerk - 10.60.13
• Early Modern

• St Clement is the least well known of all the Butwerk churches and there is no documentary refere...

• St Clement-in-the Bail - 9.60.31
• High Medieval

• St Clement's is the least well known of the Bail churches. The church itself does not occur unti...

• St Clement-in-the-Bail - 10.60.31
• Early Modern

• St Clement's is the least well known of the Bail churches and, although it may have ceased to fun...

• St Cuthbert - 10.60.37
• Early Modern

• St Cuthbert's church is likely to have been a relatively prosperous one in the High Medieval Era ...

• St Cuthbert - 9.60.37
• High Medieval

• St Cuthbert attracts the same range of questions regarding its foundation as St John-the-Poor (RA...

• St Edmund - 9.60.46
• High Medieval

• The Edmund after whom the church is dedicated is the King of East Anglia and Martyr who died in 8...

• St Edmund - 10.60.46
• Early Modern

• The parish of St Edmund cannot have been large, although Hill suggests that it may have included ...

• St Edward Wigford - 10.60.22
• Early Modern

• The church of St Edward must have served a very small parish and, consequently, its development h...

• St Edward Wigford - 9.60.22
• High Medieval

• The dedication of St Edward in Wigford is of interest as it is clear from a will of 1347 that the...

• St Faith, Charles Street West - 11.92.3
• Industrial

• St Faith's was a recreation of the medieval parish undertaken in 1885 (with similar boundaries) a...

• St Faith-in-Newland - 9.60.15
• High Medieval

• St Faith's is an unusual church in the Lincoln group because it seems likely that it did not have...

• St Faith-in-Newland - 10.60.15
• Early Modern

• St Faith's is an unusual church in the Lincoln group of suburban churches (RAZ 9.60.15). It may h...

• St George - 10.60.40
• Early Modern

• Like several other churches in peripheral locations St George seems to have been a relatively min...

• St George - 9.60.40
• High Medieval

• St George is located away from the High Street in the eastern part of the lower city, and like se...

• St Giles - 9.60.7
• High Medieval

• The parish church of St Giles is similar to that of St Bartholomew (RAZ 9.60.3) and Holy Innocent...

• St Giles - 10.60.7
• Early Modern

• Like St Bartholomew (RAZ 10.60.3) and Holy Innocents (10.60.17), by the late Middle Ages the pari...

• St Giles Estate - 11.30
• Industrial

• Whereas Swanpool was conceived as a free-standing 'Housing Association' the Council itself was en...

• St Giles' Hospital - 10.58
• Early Modern

• The documentary sources suggest that St Giles Hospital continued into the late Middle Ages withou...

• St Giles' Hospital - 9.58
• High Medieval

• St Giles' Hospital is the third of Lincoln's major hospitals (in addition to Holy Sepulchre and T...

• St Giles, Lamb Gardens - 11.92.4
• Industrial

• St Giles is a large and impressive church built in 1933 to serve as the joint centre-piece (along...

• St Helen Boultham - 11.91.18
• Industrial

• The park of Boultham Hall (RAZ 11.20) includes the ancient parish church of St Helen (RAZ 9.11; 1...

• St Hugh's fairground, Butwerk - 10.18
• Early Modern

• In his discussion of the proposed high medieval fair at Beggarsholme (chapter 10a; RAZ 9.18), Dr ...

• St John Newport - 10.60.1
• Early Modern

• St John Newport was one of the group of churches which had fewer than 10 inhabitants in the paris...

• St John Newport - 9.60.1
• High Medieval

• St John Newport is one of an interesting group of churches in Lincoln, and in England more genera...

• St John the Evangelist Wigford - 9.60.23
• High Medieval

• Located in the northern part of the suburb, St John's seems to have been a relatively wealthy and...

• St John the Evangelist Wigford - 10.60.23
• Early Modern

• The relatively wealthy church of St John appears to be another of those which the City Council se...

• St John-the-Poor - 10.60.34
• Early Modern

• St John's was always a small parish and, no doubt, was also an impoverished one (Major reported i...

• St John-the-Poor - 9.60.34
• High Medieval

• St John's was always a small parish and, no doubt also an impoverished one (Major reported in Cam...

• St Katherine's Priory and St Sepulchre's hospital - 9.54
• High Medieval

• Situated just to the west of the green outside Great Bargate, St Katherine's Priory was much the ...

• St Katherine's Priory and St Sepulchre's hospital - 10.54
• Early Modern

• St Katherine's Priory, to the west of the green just outside Great Bargate, was much the largest ...

• St Lawrence - 10.60.39
• Early Modern

• St Lawrence was, like St Martin's (RAZ 10.60.38), a major church in the heart of the most prosper...

• St Lawrence - 9.60.39
• High Medieval

• Although it does not have the early coinage, St Lawrence is like St Martin's (RAZ 9.60.38) in tha...

• St Leonard - 9.60.6
• High Medieval

• Little is known about the church of St Leonard, yet it appears to be an interesting church within...

• St Leonard - 10.60.6
• Early Modern

• The little-known parish of St Leonard was one of those said to have fewer than 10 inhabitants in ...

• St Margaret Pottergate - 10.60.5
• Early Modern

• St Margaret Pottergate within the Close is another church, like St Peter's Eastgate (RAZ 10.60.4)...

• St Margaret Pottergate - 9.60.5
• High Medieval

• St Margaret Pottergate is another church for which we have slightly earlier evidence than is the ...

• St Margaret Pottergate - 11.91.2
• Industrial

• St Margaret Pottergate was open for use at the start of the Industrial Era (RAZ 10.60.5), but it ...

• St Margaret Wigford - 9.60.24
• High Medieval

• St Margaret's is a little known church. Although evidently a part of the layout of Lower Wigford,...

• St Margaret Wigford - 10.60.24
• Early Modern

• Although St Margaret's is a little known church, it was far from being the least prosperous among...

• St Mark - 10.60.25
• Early Modern

• Uniquely amongst the Wigford churches St Mark's has been totally excavated (Gilmour and...

• St Mark - 9.60.25
• High Medieval

• Uniquely amongst the Wigford churches St Mark's has been totally excavated (Gilmour and Stocker 1...

• St Mark - 11.91.5
• Industrial

• Uniquely amongst the Wigford churches St Mark's has been totally excavated (Gilmour and Stocker 1...

• St Martin - 9.60.38
• High Medieval

• St Martin's is one of the most interesting and important church sites in the city. Alon...

• St Martin - 10.60.38
• Early Modern

• St Martin's had been one of the most interesting and important church sites in the city in the Hi...

• St Martin (original site) - 11.91.12
• Industrial

• St Martin's parish, like St Swithin's, saw a great increase in its population from the mid 18th c...

• St Martin, West Parade (new site) - 11.92.5
• Industrial

• In 1873 it was decided to move the parish church of St Martin's to a new site c.300m to the west ...

• St Martin's graveyard (Formerly St Mary Crackpool) - 11.91.13
• Industrial

• Although the church of St Mary Crackpool was demolished following its merger with St Martin's par...

• St Mary Crackpool - 10.60.42
• Early Modern

• The parish of St Mary Crackpool occupied the area of the city dominated by cloth manufacturing an...

• St Mary Crackpool - 9.60.42
• High Medieval

• St Mary Crackpool was named, apparently, after a pool frequented by crows (Cameron 1985, 22). Thi...

• St Mary Magdalene - 9.60.32
• High Medieval

• The parish of St Mary Magdalene is thought to represent the descendant of the parochial responsib...

• St Mary Magdalene - 11.91.9
• Industrial

• The complex fabric of the medieval parish church of St Mary Magdalene (RAZ 9.60.32; 10.60.32) dat...

• St Mary Magdalene - 10.60.32
• Early Modern

• The parish of St Mary Magdalene is thought to represent the descendant of the parochial responsib...

• St Mary Magdalene Hartsholme - 10.61
• Early Modern

• The Early Modern character and site of St Mary Magdalene remains to be established (RAZ 9.61). Th...

• St Mary Magdalene Hartsholme - 9.61
• High Medieval

• The character and site of St Mary Magdalene remain to be established. It seems likely that it wa...

• St Mary-le-Wigford - 9.60.26
• High Medieval

• Along with St Peter-at-Gowts (RAZ 9.60.28), St Mary's is the best known of Lincoln's medieval par...

• St Mary-le-Wigford - 11.91.6
• Industrial

• St Mary's is one of only three medieval parish churches of which much fabric survived into the In...

• St Mary-le-Wigford - 10.60.26
• Early Modern

• Along with St Peter's (RAZ 10.60.28), St Mary's is the best known of Lincoln's medieval parish ch...

• St Mary's Bridge - 11.8.5
• Industrial

• The bridge of the Early Modern Era depicted on Speed's map of 1611 was of wood, crossing the Sinc...

• St Mary's Guildhall - 10.46.2
• Early Modern

• The building in which the city's premier socio-religious guild had been housed since the 13th cen...

• St Matthew, Boultham Park Road - 11.92.10
• Industrial

• The church of St Matthew, Boultham Park Road, was created as a chapel of St Helen's Boultham in 1...

• St Matthias, Burton Road - 11.92.6
• Industrial

• The parish of St Matthias was cut out of the extensive parish of St Nicholas Newport in 1890 and ...

• St Michael Wigford - 9.60.27
• High Medieval

• Little is known about this church, but it was located in a key position just north of the Great G...

• St Michael Wigford - 10.60.27
• Early Modern

• Although it was located in a key position just north of the Great Gowt, St Michael's parish was r...

• St Michael-on-the Mount - 9.60.33
• High Medieval

• It has been thought that St Michael's church might be of some seniority within the city, but this...

• St Michael-on-the-Mount - 11.91.10
• Industrial

• The church that began the Industrial Era was the small box rebuilt in 1739, partly through the ex...

• St Michael-on-the-Mount - 10.60.33
• Early Modern

• Although the church survived in the 1549 re-organisation of parishes, and it was not one of those...

• St Michael's graveyard (formerly St Cuthbert) - 11.91.11
• Industrial

• Although St Cuthbert's church was demolished after its merger with St Michael's in 1549, the site...

• St Nicholas Newport - 9.60.2
• High Medieval

• The location of St Nicholas Newport, close to the upper city wall, reinforces the impression give...

• St Nicholas Newport - 10.60.2
• Early Modern

• Despite St Nicholas Newport's location close to the upper city wall, the parish was, nevertheless...

• St Nicholas Newport (original site) - 11.91.16
• Industrial

• St Nicholas Newport was not rebuilt after the damage done during the Civil War (RAZ 10.60.2), alt...

• St Nicholas, Newport (new site) - 11.92.7
• Industrial

• The lack of a church in this parish from the period of the Civil War right up until the 183...

• St Paul-in-the Bail - 9.60.29
• High Medieval

• As St Paul has been almost completely excavated, like St Mark's, this document can best assist fu...

• St Paul-in-the-Bail - 11.91.8
• Industrial

• Like St Mark's, St Paul's has been almost completely excavated (Steane et al. forthcoming), and t...

• St Paul-in-the-Bail - 8.1.1
• Early Medieval

• Many commentators have expressed opinions on the interpretation of the St Paul's sequence, which ...

• St Paul-in-the-Bail - 10.60.29
• Early Modern

• As St Paul has been almost completely excavated, like St Mark's, this document can assist further...

• St Peter ad fontem - 10.60.12
• Early Modern

• In addition to its being of considerable interest in the High Medieval Era (RAZ 9.60.12), the chu...

• St Peter ad Fontem - 9.60.12
• High Medieval

• This church is particularly important because Sir Francis Hill showed that it was very probably o...

• St Peter Eastgate - 9.60.4
• High Medieval

• St Peter's church, just outside the east gate of the upper city, is in a similar location to St B...

• St Peter Eastgate - 10.60.4
• Early Modern

• The parish of St Peter, just outside the east gate of the upper city, evidently held on to its po...

• St Peter Eastgate - 11.91.1
• Industrial

• St Peter's Eastgate was left in ruins by the Civil War and was not rebuilt until the parish was u...

• St Peter Stanthaket - 10.60.36
• Early Modern

• Although the site has been partially excavated in modern times (SPM83, SPMB97; Snell 1984), St Pe...

• St Peter Stanthaket - 9.60.36
• High Medieval

• Although the site has been partially excavated in modern times (SPM83 - Snell 1984), St Peter's r...

• St Peter-at-Arches - 11.91.14
• Industrial

• During the Early Modern Era St Peter-at-Arches had become the main church patronised by the city ...

• St Peter-at-Gowts - 10.60.28
• Early Modern

• Along with St Mary's (RAZ 10.60.26), St Peter's is the best known of Lincoln's medieval parish ch...

• St Peter-at-Gowts - 9.60.28
• High Medieval

• Along with St Mary's (RAZ 9.60.26), St Peter's is the best known of Lincoln's medieval parish chu...

• St Peter-at-Gowts - 11.91.7
• Industrial

• St Peter's began the Industrial Era as an intact medieval building of considerable architectural ...

• St Peter-at-Pleas and St Peter-at-Arches - 9.60.44
• High Medieval

• There is some circumstantial evidence that the church site represented in the High Middle Ages by...

• St Peter-at-Pleas and St Peter-at-Arches - 10.60.44
• Early Modern

• The twinned churches of St Peter-at-Arches and St Peter-at-Pleas have always been one of the most...

• St Rumbold - 10.60.9
• Early Modern

• Like all of the parishes of northern Butwerk, St Rumbold had fewer than 10 inhabitants in 1428 Hi...

• St Rumbold - 9.60.9
• High Medieval

• The identity of the churchyard long known to exist within the car-park of the Sessions House has ...

• St Stephen-in-Newland - 9.60.14
• High Medieval

• Now that Dr Vince has explained that the church does not lie on a back street, but on the origina...

• St Stephen-in-Newland - 10.60.14
• Early Modern

• St Stephen's is not a well documented church, but we know enough to say that it continued in use ...

• St Swithin - 10.60.45
• Early Modern

• The parish of St Swithin was quite a populous and wealthy one, including as it did the northern w...

• St Swithin - 9.60.45
• High Medieval

• The church of St Swithin is one of the small group of Lincoln churches which carries a dedication...

• St Swithin (new site) - 11.92.8
• Industrial

• For a considerable there must have been great pressure to replace the crude little building on th...

• St Swithin (old church) - 11.91.15
• Industrial

• St Swithin's had been badly damaged in the Civil War (RAZ 10.60.45), but the ruins were re-occupi...

• Stamp End causeway - 10.1
• Early Modern

• As in all the other Eras, the structure and use of the Stamp End lock is likely to be vital...

• Stamp End Causeway - 6.4
• Roman Military

• Important information about the Roman conquerors' attitude to the presumed sacred pools...

• Stamp End causeway - 9.1
• High Medieval

• As in all the other Eras, the structure and use of the Stamp End lock is likely to be vital...

• Stamp End causeway - 8.3.2
• Early Medieval

• We have far too little information about the Stamp End causeway at any period, but nothing at all...

• Stamp End causeway - 7.13
• Roman Colonia

• The Stamp End causeway (RAZ 5.2 and 6.4) seems to have been of little account during most of the ...

• Stamp End dock and boat-building yard - 11.5.1
• Industrial

• The connection of Sincil Dyke with the South Delph sometime in the late 18th or early 19th centur...

• Stamp End lock and causeway - 11.1
• Industrial

• As in all the other Eras, the development of the Stamp End lock is vital in understanding the phy...

• Stone and clay quarries in the cliff face east of the city - 11.41.2
• Industrial

• As is the case with the quarries to the north-west of the city, any residual common rights to dig...

• Stonepits north and east of the city - 10.41.3
• Early Modern

• North of Wragby Road and Langworthgate and extending north and west around the north-east corner ...

• Stonepits north and north-east of the upper city - 11.41.4
• Industrial

• There is little sign that the area of quarrying through pits in the area between Eastgate and New...

• Stonepits north-east of the upper city. - 9.41.3
• High Medieval

• North of Wragby Road and Langworthgate and extending north and west around the north-east corner ...

• Stub Cross on Greetwellgate - 9.45.5
• High Medieval

• It is possible that the cross known as 'Stubbcross' (Crucem lapideam fractam) was also on the cit...

• Stub Cross on Greetwellgate - 10.45.5
• Early Modern

• It is possible that the cross known as 'Stubbcross' (Crucem lapideam fractam) was also on the cit...

• Suburban development east of the walled city - 7.11.3
• Roman Colonia

• To the east of the fortress, Roman suburban development in Eastgate may have replaced the 'recrea...

• Suburban development north and west of the upper city - 7.11.2
• Roman Colonia

• There is little evidence to date that there were extensive suburbs outside the north and west gat...

• Swanpool Garden Suburb - 11.29.1
• Industrial

• The Swanpool Garden Suburb was an important gesture in remote Lincoln to show that it was in cont...

• Swimming Pools - 11.79
• Industrial

• As early as 1852 there had been public pressure for the city to provide a bathing pool to supplem...

• Swine and beast Market - 11.23
• Industrial

• At an unknown date in the Early Modern Era, the market for sheep and cattle had become establishe...

T

• Tank testing ground west of Boultham Park Road - 11.85.2
• Industrial

• In 1915 Foster's began the development of the tank at its Wellington Iron Works in New Boultham (...

• Technical College kiln - 7.4.2
• Roman Colonia

• The existence of a Roman pottery kiln close to the east side of the lower city was discovered by ...

• Temple complexes in the lower city - 7.20
• Roman Colonia

• The evidence for the temple complex at the foot of the hill inside the south gate of the lo...

• Textile industries - 11.39
• Industrial

• Strangely, perhaps, given its location in a wool-producing area, Lincoln did not develop a rejuve...

• The aqueduct - 7.17
• Roman Colonia

• The internationally important remains of the aqueduct system in Lindum have been more frequently ...

• The bakers' street - 10.38
• Early Modern

• The street name Baxtergate is agreed to indicate the street of the bakers of bread (Hill 1948, 15...

• The baths - 7.16
• Roman Colonia

• There are many anthropological parallels for the ritual significance of bathing, particularly in ...

• The Bishop's Garden Willingthorpe - 9.32.2
• High Medieval

• It is clear that by c.1300 the Bishop had a garden at Willingthorpe 'under the hill above Newland...

• The Bishop's Palace - 9.35
• High Medieval

• The Bishop's Palace at Lincoln is one of the best preserved sites of this type in the country and...

• The Bishop's Palace - 10.35
• Early Modern

• The Bishop's Palace at Lincoln is one of the best preserved sites of this type in the country and...

• The Black Monks' estate - 9.55.2
• High Medieval

• The agricultural regime of the cell is also of very great interest. The constant disputes between...

• The Butts - 10.50.3
• Early Modern

• From 1625 there are references to meadows in the West Commons called Shooting Leas. Both Hill (1...

• The Cathedral - 10.52
• Early Modern

• Much more than any other Lincoln monument, Lincoln Cathedral has been studied by a battalion of s...

• The Cathedral - 11.88
• Industrial

• Much more than any other Lincoln monument, Lincoln Cathedral has been studied by a battalion of s...

• The Cathedral - 9.52
• High Medieval

• Much more than any other Lincoln monument, Lincoln Cathedral has been studied by a battalion of s...

• The Cathedral Quarry, Riseholme Road - 11.41.5
• Industrial

• In c.1839 the Dean and Chapter opened a new quarry to the west of Ermine Street (Riseholme Road),...

• The churches of St Peter and the Silver Street burial - 8.1.2
• Early Medieval

• The evidence for activity inside the former Roman south gate of the lower city is slight, but pot...

• The city's arable fields - 10.9.1
• Early Modern

• The city's arable lay exclusively to the north and east of the walled city; dwellers in...

• The Clewmarket - 10.23
• Early Modern

• As in the High Medieval Era, the 'clew', or thread, market stands out amongst the other known mar...

• The Clewmarket - 9.23.1
• High Medieval

• The Clewmarket or thread market stands to one side of all the other known markets of High Medieva...

• The Close School in College House - 10.67
• Early Modern

• The Dean and Chapter maintained both a song school and a grammar school (distinct from the city G...

• The Close wall - 11.80
• Industrial

• The only circuit of medieval wall which still constituted any sort of barrier into the Indu...

• The Close Wall - 10.50.2
• Early Modern

• The development of the Close Wall in the late 13th and early 14th century has been laid out in th...

• The cloth production area - 9.36
• High Medieval

• Although it is likely that cloth production took place across the city in this Era, Dr Vince repo...

• The College of the Vicars-Choral - 9.59
• High Medieval

• The College of the Vicars Choral of Lincoln is one of eight such colleges in England, and it is a...

• The college of the Vicars-Choral - 10.59
• Early Modern

• The College of the Vicars Choral of Lincoln is one of eight such colleges in England, and it is a...

• The College of The Vicars-Choral - 11.89
• Industrial

• Most of the medieval buildings of the College of the Vicars Choral survived in occupation into th...

• The defences - 7.12
• Roman Colonia

• One of the most effective 'public' gestures a city can make is to provide itself wi...

• The Depot - 11.81
• Industrial

• A large plot on the corner of what is now Carholme Road and Depot Street was purchased by the mil...

• The early fort - 6.1
• Roman Military

• Because of the postulated ritual significance of the pools and meres in the valley floor (RAZ 5.2...

• The forum - 7.15
• Roman Colonia

• Most obvious amongst the colonia structures of 'public' and/or ritual character is the complex of...

• The Greetwell villa - 7.23
• Roman Colonia

• The important late Roman 'villa' located in a magnificent position on the hilltop, looking south ...

• The High Market of the lower city and other lower city markets - 9.22
• High Medieval

• We know virtually nothing about the layout of markets in the city prior to the Conquest. Dr Vince...

• The Judge's Lodgings - 11.66.2
• Industrial

• With the reconstruction of the buildings within the castle and with increasing reform of judiciar...

• The Jurassic Way - 5.1
• Prehistoric

• The earliest known archaeological feature within the city seems to be the so called 'Jurassic Way...

• The Late Pre-Roman Iron Age ditch system - 7.25
• Roman Colonia

• The excavations of 1977 (Field 1980) and 1994 (Boutwood 1998, 37 - citing an unpublished report b...

• The Malandry (Hospital of the Holy Innocents) - 9.56
• High Medieval

• The Leper Hospital of the Holy Innocents was the third major institution (along with St Katherine...

• The Malandry (the Hospital of the Holy Innocents) - 10.56
• Early Modern

• The documentary record suggests that the Malandry Leper Hospital went through a number of major c...

• The Maltmarket - 9.23.2
• High Medieval

• There are several medieval references to the existence of the city's Maltmarket, and the earliest...

• The Mechanics' Institute - 11.55
• Industrial

• The City Grammar School had been established in the upper floor of the Greyfriary since 1568, whi...

• The Militia barracks - 11.82
• Industrial

• Following the Militia Act of 1852, a new militia barracks was opened on Burton Road in 1857, at i...

• The mint and jewellery quarter - 10.37
• Early Modern

• We believe we can identify an area north-west of Stonebow where, in the 13th century, there was a...

• The mint and jewellery quarter - 9.37
• High Medieval

• Dr Vince has laid out (chapter 9a) the scanty evidence we have for the location of the famous Lin...

• The New Market in the High Street (St Lawrence's/ St Martin's parishes south to St Mary-le-Wigford parish - 10.22.9
• Early Modern

• At the start of the Early Modern Era the city's main markets were all held within streets adjacen...

• The possible Wigford island temple - 7.21.1
• Roman Colonia

• The interesting building on the former lake island south of the main river main channel, discover...

• The Racecourse - 11.77
• Industrial

• The racecourse was itself a product of the enclosure movement, which impeded the informal courses...

• The Sessions House - 11.65
• Industrial

• A separate Sessions House was built on a site just outside the Werkdyke, north of Monks Road, in ...

• The sewer system - 7.18
• Roman Colonia

• The elaboration and expense evident in the management of water supply to, or from, Nettleham (RAZ...

• The shambles, Clasketgate - 11.24
• Industrial

• In 1762 John Dixon of Hull produced plans for a new butchers' market and in 1774 the shambles and...

• The Sobraon barracks - 11.83
• Industrial

• The Militia was merged with territorial regiments in 1871 and, like most county towns, Lincoln wa...

• The Stonebow - 11.64
• Industrial

• The Stonebow had long since ceased to play any military role in the city (RAZ 9.50.1; 10.50.1), a...

• The swine, beast and sheep markets in Broadgate, St Rumbold's Churchyard and Sheep Square - 10.22.10
• Early Modern

• Post-medieval activity in both the Butwerk and Newland suburbs was concentrated close to the city...

• The Usher Gallery - 11.73
• Industrial

• During the early 1920s the city had the opportunity to purchase the ground which had been the Tem...

• The wetlands - 11.13
• Industrial

• The wetlands in the valley bottom were dramatically altered during the Industrial Era, and the im...

• The Wigford causeway - 6.2
• Roman Military

• Viewed against the background of the early ritual significance of the pool, the establishment of ...

• Theatres and cinemas - 11.74
• Industrial

• There had been a theatre in the city since 1732, when a small playhouse was opened in Drury Lane ...

• Theological College - 11.63
• Industrial

• The Lincoln Diocesan Theological College was set up by Bishop Wordsworth and Chancellor Benson in...

• Thorn Bridge, Melville Street - 11.8.4
• Industrial

• The road bridge of 1940, known as Thorn Bridge (Herridge 1999, 5070), carries the four-carriagewa...

• Thorngate Castle - 10.49
• Early Modern

• Nothing is known of Thorngate Castle in the Early Modern Era; it had probably ceased to exist in ...

• Thorngate Castle - 9.49
• High Medieval

• The mysterious "castellum ... de Tornegat" occurs just twice in documents; once certainly in a do...

• Tile-house in St Botolph's Parish - 9.40.2
• High Medieval

• Dr Vince reports in chapter 9a that from the late 12th century there are documentary references t...

• Tilery in St Botolph's parish - 10.40
• Early Modern

• The earliest references to the existence of a tile-house south of St Botolph's church a...

• Toll Bar at Canwick Road - 11.7.2
• Industrial

• A toll bar lodge was built by the turnpike trust when Canwick Road was constructed in 1843 (RAZ 1...

• Training and recreational complex outside fortress east gate - 6.14
• Roman Military

• The area between the cliff edge and the roads converging on the east gate of the fortress has not...

• Tram system - 11.9
• Industrial

• The Lincoln tram system was a simple network as the steep hill made access to the upper cit...

• Triple boundary ditch - 8.3.3
• Early Medieval

• No evidence for Anglo-Saxon activity along the line of this landscape feature was recovered in th...

U

• Un-enclosed pasture west of Newland - 9.8.2
• High Medieval

• On the western side of the city, beyond Newland, the rich grazing land was an important resource ...

• Un-enclosed pasture west of Newland - 10.8.2
• Early Modern

• The interest of the large zone of Common pasture and meadow west of the city has already be...

• Un-enclosed pasture west of Newland, and West Common - 11.15.1
• Industrial

• Under the Enclosure Act of 1803, commons were identified at South and West Common, and common rig...

• Upper City (County) Assembly Rooms - 11.70
• Industrial

• The Upper Assembly Rooms, where county society had gathered for balls and other social events had...

• Upper City Assembly Rooms - 10.46.3
• Early Modern

• County Society had gathered for balls and other social events in a large room at the Angel Inn on...

• Upper City defences - 10.47
• Early Modern

• The upper city defences remained essentially those of the Roman upper city throughout the Early M...

• Upper city defences - 9.47
• High Medieval

• Throughout the High Medieval Era the upper city defences were essentially those of the Roma...

• Upper Ermine Street - 7.22
• Roman Colonia

• In the colonia period, the Wigford causeway was clearly an important commercial artery supplying ...

• Upper Witham valley - 7.6
• Roman Colonia

• As observed in the Prehistoric and Roman Military Eras (RAZ 5.9.2, RAZ 6.24), the area between th...

• Upper Witham valley - 6.24
• Roman Military

• The well-drained valley sides above the 5m contour should have proved highly attractive to settle...

V

• Valley Floor deposits - 6.7
• Roman Military

• This RAZ is intended to include the large areas of the valley floor where there are great d...

• Valley floor deposits - 5.8
• Prehistoric

• In the Prehistoric Era, as in all of the others which follow, one of the most important and...

• Victoria Bridge - 11.7.4
• Industrial

• Victoria Bridge (also called Padley's Bridge) across the Sincil Dyke east of St Mary's Bridge was...

W

• Washingborough Road area - 6.25
• Roman Military

• Like the Upper Witham valley (RAZ 6.24), the well-drained lower slopes of the north-facing scarp ...

• Water supply industry - 11.46
• Industrial

• At the start of the Industrial Era the public water supply to the city was still that which had b...

• Waterside installations - 6.10
• Roman Military

• Mr Jones points out that re-supply of an installation of the size of the Lincoln Fortress could o...

• Wesleyan and Methodist Chapels - 11.96
• Industrial

• There were many Wesleyan communities in Lincoln in the Industrial Era, and to make matters more c...

• Wetlands - 9.7
• High Medieval

• As in earlier Eras (RAZs 5.8, 6.7, 7.9, 8.5), the wetlands in the valley bottom will have b...

• Wetlands - 10.7
• Early Modern

• The documentary evidence suggests that the wetlands in the valley bottom continued to be of...

• Wigford eastern shoreline - La Gulle, Old Eye and Thorngate - 10.5
• Early Modern

• As in the High Medieval Era (RAZ 9.5) this part of Lincoln's docksides is also the least well-kno...

• Wigford eastern shoreline - La Gulle, Old Eye and Thorngate - 9.5
• High Medieval

• The final area of Lincoln's medieval docksides is the least well-known and understood. Documents...

• Wigford western shoreline - 9.4
• High Medieval

• Along the western side of Upper Wigford (north of the Great Gowt) is a zone of reclaimed waterfro...

• Wigford western shoreline - 10.4
• Early Modern

• As at Waterside North, the waterfront along the western side of the northern half of Upper ...

• Willingthorpe Manor - 9.32.1
• High Medieval

• Like Butwerk, Newland may incorporate an early independent estate centre (see RAZ 9.29). Unlike ...

• Windmills in East Field - 9.44
• High Medieval

• Speed shows a line of three mills in the open East Field (Speed 1611) and there are three mounds ...

• Windmills in the East Field - 10.44
• Early Modern

• Speed shows a line of three mills in the open East Field. They are located well to the east of th...

• Windmills west of Battle Place - 10.43
• Early Modern

• We have less precise information about the windmills in this area than in RAZ 10.42, but it is c...

• Windmills west of Battle Place - 9.43
• High Medieval

• We have less precise information about the windmills in this area, but it is clear that the line...

• Windmills west of Bradegate - 9.42
• High Medieval

• The strip of land between the southern end of Bradegate (now represented by Mill Road) and the cl...

• Windmills west of Bradegate - 10.42
• Early Modern

• The strip of land between the southern end of Bradegate (now represented by Mill Road) and the cl...

• Wood processing industries - 11.40
• Industrial

• Wood was a vital component in Lincoln's engineering industry as threshing machines and many other...

• Woodlands and wood pasture to the south west - 9.6
• High Medieval

• In the High Medieval Era, as in previous Eras, the woodlands to the south-west of the city were a...

• Woodlands and wood-pasture to the south west - 10.6
• Early Modern

• As in previous Eras (RAZ 5.9.2, 6.23, 7.3, 8.4, 9.6), the woodlands to the south-west of the city...

• Woodlands and wood-pasture to the south-west - 11.12
• Industrial

• As in previous Eras, the woodlands to the south-west of the city would have been an important eco...

• Working class housing of the late 18th and early 19th centuries in Newport, the Bail, the lower city and Wigford. - 11.25
• Industrial

• The housing conditions for the working classes in the Industrial Era seem to have shown a c...

• Working-class housing estates c.1850-1945 in Newport, Newland, Butwerk Wigford and elsewhere - 11.26
• Industrial

• Starting in the 1850s the housing situation in the city improved dramatically and there can...

X

Y

Z